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Incident 1467: South Africa Draft National AI Policy Reportedly Included Fictitious References Believed to Be AI Hallucinations

Description: South Africa's Draft National AI Policy, gazetted for public comment, reportedly contained at least six fictitious academic references. Several cited articles or journals reportedly did not exist or were disclaimed by journal editors, and experts said the errors were consistent with AI hallucinations. The Department of Communications and Digital Technologies said it was reviewing the discrepancies but argued they did not affect the draft's substance.
Editor Notes: See also: Incident 1548: South African Home Affairs Revised White Paper Reportedly Included Fictitious References Believed to Be AI-Generated.

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Entities

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Alleged: Large language model developers and Generative AI developers developed an AI system deployed by Government of South Africa and Department of Communications and Digital Technologies (South Africa), which harmed General public of South Africa , General public , Epistemic integrity and AI policy stakeholders.
Alleged implicated AI systems: Unknown generative AI systems and Large language models

Incident Stats

Incident ID
1467
Report Count
4
Incident Date
2026-04-10
Editors
Daniel Atherton
Applied Taxonomies
MIT

MIT Taxonomy Classifications

Machine-Classified
Taxonomy Details

Risk Subdomain

A further 23 subdomains create an accessible and understandable classification of hazards and harms associated with AI
 

3.1. False or misleading information

Risk Domain

The Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks classifies risks into seven AI risk domains: (1) Discrimination & toxicity, (2) Privacy & security, (3) Misinformation, (4) Malicious actors & misuse, (5) Human-computer interaction, (6) Socioeconomic & environmental harms, and (7) AI system safety, failures & limitations.
 
  1. Misinformation

Entity

Which, if any, entity is presented as the main cause of the risk
 

AI

Timing

The stage in the AI lifecycle at which the risk is presented as occurring
 

Pre-deployment

Intent

Whether the risk is presented as occurring as an expected or unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal
 

Unintentional

Incident Reports

Reports Timeline

Incident OccurrenceGovt’s draft AI policy cites fictitious references experts believe are AI hallucinationsSouth Africa withdraws AI policy due to fake AI-generated sourcesOfficials suspended over fake AI sources in government policyFake AI references in South African AI Policy: Two men named in report
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Govt’s draft AI policy cites fictitious references experts believe are AI hallucinations

Govt’s draft AI policy cites fictitious references experts believe are AI hallucinations

news24.com

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South Africa withdraws AI policy due to fake AI-generated sources

South Africa withdraws AI policy due to fake AI-generated sources

reuters.com

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Officials suspended over fake AI sources in government policy

Officials suspended over fake AI sources in government policy

businesstech.co.za

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Fake AI references in South African AI Policy: Two men named in report

Fake AI references in South African AI Policy: Two men named in report

mybroadband.co.za

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Govt’s draft AI policy cites fictitious references experts believe are AI hallucinations
news24.com · 2026

The national policy document intended to shape South Africa's approach to artificial intelligence (AI) may have fallen victim to one of its most widely understood pitfalls.

News24 can exclusively reveal that some of the academic journal art…

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South Africa withdraws AI policy due to fake AI-generated sources
reuters.com · 2026

JOHANNESBURG, April 27 (Reuters) - South Africa has withdrawn its first draft national AI policy after revelations that it ​contained fictitious sources in its reference list ‌which appeared to have been AI-generated.

"The most plausible ex…

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Officials suspended over fake AI sources in government policy
businesstech.co.za · 2026

The Department of Communication and Digital Technology (DCDT) and the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) have suspended four officials over an ongoing snafu involving AI-generated sources in government policy.

The suspensions of two individua…

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Fake AI references in South African AI Policy: Two men named in report
mybroadband.co.za · 2026

Two men under investigation for using AI-hallucinated references in the draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy are reportedly seasoned Department of Communications officials.

According to senior government sources w…

Variants

A "variant" is an AI incident similar to a known case—it has the same causes, harms, and AI system. Instead of listing it separately, we group it under the first reported incident. Unlike other incidents, variants do not need to have been reported outside the AIID. Learn more from the research paper.
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