Description: In joined appeals involving Andreea-Maria Tobosaru and Marian Tofan, the Crown Prosecution Service reportedly filed grounds of opposition containing two nonexistent authorities that likely originated from purported generative AI. The citations also appeared in a later document. The High Court said they did not affect the appeals, and the CPS apologized, citing inadequate verification by a reviewing lawyer.
Editor Notes: Timeline notes: The incident ID date is 06/03/2025, based on the date of the CPS grounds of opposition that first placed two nonexistent authorities before the court. They were repeated in a later submission, identified before the February 2026 hearing, and discussed in the High Court's 07/08/2026 judgment. See also: https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewhc/admin/2026/1720/data.pdf. The incident ID date is derived from footnote 95 on p. 19 of 21 of that PDF.
Entities
View all entitiesAlleged: Large language model developers developed an AI system deployed by Crown Prosecution Service and Lawyers, which harmed Epistemic integrity , Judicial integrity , Andreea-Maria Tobosaru , Marian Tofan , Extradition appellants , High Court of Justice (England and Wales) and Courts.
Alleged implicated AI systems: Large language models and AI-assisted legal research systems
Incident Stats
Incident ID
1603
Report Count
1
Incident Date
2025-06-03
Editors
Daniel Atherton
Incident Reports
Reports Timeline
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The High Court has accepted two apologies from the Crown Prosecution Service after it was caught using artificial intelligence to compose court documents for extradition cases.
The CPS initially admitted in a letter to the court that its er…
Variants
A "variant" is an AI incident similar to a known case—it has the same causes, harms, and AI system. Instead of listing it separately, we group it under the first reported incident. Unlike other incidents, variants do not need to have been reported outside the AIID. Learn more from the research paper.
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